According to MLA style, you must have a Works Cited page at the end of your research paper. All entries in the Works Cited page must correspond to the works cited in your main text.

Entries are listed by author name (or, for entire edited collections, editor names). Author names are written last name first; middle names or middle initials follow the first name:

Burke, Kenneth

Wallace, David Foster

Do not list titles (Dr., Sir, Saint, etc.) or degrees (PhD, MA, DDS, etc.) with names. A book listing an author named "John Bigbrain, PhD" appears simply as "Bigbrain, John"; do, however, include suffixes like "Jr." or "II." Putting it all together, a work by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. would be cited as "King, Martin Luther, Jr.," with the suffix following the first or middle name and a comma.

The first-give author’s name or a book with a single author's name appears in last name, first name format. The basic form for a book citation is:

 Last name, First name. Title of Book. Place of Publication:

       Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of

       Publication.

The first given name appears in last name, first name format; subsequent author names appear in first name last name format.

Gillespie, Paula., and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon

     Guide to Peer Tutoring. Boston: Allyn. 2000. Print.

If there are more than three authors, you may choose to list only the first author followed by the phrase et al. (Latin for "and others") in place of the subsequent authors' names, or you may list all the authors in the order in which their names appear on the title page. (Note that there is a period after "al" in "et al." Also note that there is never a period after the "et" in "et al.").

Wysocki, Anne Frances, et al. Writing New Media: Theory and

       Applications for Expanding the Teaching of

       Composition. Logan, UT: Utah State UP, 2004. Print.

Wysocki, Anne Frances, Johndan Johnson-Eilola, Cynthia L.

    Selfe, and Geoffrey Sirc. Writing New Media: Theory and

    Applications for Expanding the teaching of Composition.

    Logan, UT: Utah UP, 2004. Print.

NOTE: UT: the state,(Utah)is identified because the city of publication, Logan, is not an easily identifiable city. UP, is an abbreviation for University Press.

List works alphabetically by title. (Remember to ignore articles like A, An, and The.) Provide the author’s name in last name, first name format for the first entry only. For each subsequent entry by the same author, use three hyphens and a period.

Palmer, William J. Dickens and New Historicism. New York:

             St. Martin's, 1997. Print.

---. The Films of the Eighties: A Social History.

          Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP. 1993. Print.

A corporate author may include a commission, a committee, or a group that does not identify individual members on the title page. List the names of corporate authors in the place where an author’s name typically appears at the beginning of the entry.

American Allergy Association. Allergies in Children. New York: Random, 

           1998. Print.

List by title of the book. Incorporate these entries alphabetically just as you would with works that include an author name. For example, the following entry might appear between entries of works written by Dean, Shaun and Forsythe, Jonathan.

Remember that for an in-text (parenthetical) citation of a book with no author, provide the name of the work in the signal phrase and the page number in parentheses. You may also use a shortened version of the title of the book accompanied by the page number. For more information see In-text Citations for Print Sources with No Known Author section of In-text Citations: The Basics, which you can link to at the bottom of this page.

Cite as you would any other book. Add "Trans."—the abbreviation for translated by—and follow with the name(s) of the translator(s).

Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A history of

       Insanity in the Age of Reason. Trans. Richard

       Howard. New York: Vintage-Random House, 1988. Print.

Republished Book

Books may be republished due to popularity without becoming a new edition. New editions are typically revisions of the original work. For books that originally appeared at an earlier date and that have been republished at a later one, insert the original publication date before the publication information. For books that are new editions (i.e. different from the first or other editions of the book), see An Edition of a Book below.

Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. 1990. New York: Routledge, 1999. Print.

       Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. New York:

       Perennial-Harper, 1993. Print.

There are two types of editions in book publishing: a book that has been published more than once in different editions and a book that is prepared by someone other than the author (typically an editor).

Cite the book as you normally would, but add the number of the edition after the title.

Crowley, Sharon. and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for

         Contemporary Students. 3rd  ed. New York: Pearson/Longman,

          2004. Print.

Cite the book as you normally would, but add the editor after the title.

Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Ed. Margaret Smith.

       Oxford UP, 1998. Print. 

To cite the entire anthology or collection, list by editor(s) followed by a comma and "ed." or, for multiple editors, "eds" (for edited by). This sort of entry is somewhat rare. If you are citing a particular piece within an anthology or collection (more common), see A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection below.

Hill, Charles A., and Marguerite Helmers, eds. Defining Visual Rhetorics.

          Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004. Print.

Peterson, Nancy J., ed. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical

          Approaches.  Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997. Print.

Works may include an essay in an edited collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book. The basic form is for this sort of citation is as follows:

Some examples:

Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide:

          Helping Writers One on One.  Ed. Ben Rafoth. Portsmouth, NH:

          Heinemann, 2000. 24-34. Print.  

Swanson, Gunnar. "Graphic Design Education as a Liberal Art: Design and

           Knowledge in the University and the 'Real World.'" The

           Education of a Graphic Designer. Ed. Steven Heller. New York:

           Allworth Press, 1998. 13-24. Print.

Note on Cross-referencing Several Items from One Anthology: If you cite more than one essay from the same edited collection, MLA indicates you may cross-reference within your works cited list in order to avoid writing out the publishing information for each separate essay. You should consider this option if you have several references from a single text. To do so, include a separate entry for the entire collection listed by the editor's name as below:

Rose, Shirley K., and Irwin Weiser, eds. The Writing Program

        Administrator as Researcher. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann,

        1999. Print.

Then, for each individual essay from the collection, list the author's name in last name, first name format, the title of the essay, the editor's last name, and the page range:

L' Eplattenier, Barbara. "Finding Ourselves in the Past: An Argument for

Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American 

         Short Stories. Ed. Tobias Wolff. New York: Vintage, 1994. 306-

         07. Print.

If the specific literary work is part of the an author's own collection (all of the works have the same author), then there will be no editor to reference:

Whitman, Walt. "I Sing the Body Electric."  Selected Poems. New York:

             Dover, 1991. 12-19. Print.

Carter, Angela. "the Tiger's Bride." Burning Your Boats: The

        Collected Stories. New York: Penguin, 1995. 154-69.

        Print.

For entries in encyclopedias, dictionaries, and other reference works, cite the piece as you would any other work in a collection but do not include the publisher information. Also, if the reference book is organized alphabetically, as most are, do not list the volume or the page number of the article or item.

 "Ideology."  The American Heritage Dictionary.  3rd ed. 1997. Print.

When citing only one volume of a multivolume work, include the volume number after the work's title, or after the work's editor or translator.

Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Trans. H. E. Butler. Vol. 2. Cambridge:

           Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980. Print.

When citing more than one volume of a multivolume work, cite the total number of volumes in the work. Also, be sure in your in-text citation to provide both the volume number and page number(s). (See Citing Multivolume Works on the In-Text Citations – The Basics page, which you can access by following the appropriate link at the bottom of this page.)

Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Trans. 

     H.E.    Butler. 4 vols. Cambridge: Loeb-

     Harvard UP, 1980. Print.

If the volume you are using has its own title, cite the book without referring to the other volumes as if it were an independent publication.

Churchill, Winston S. The Age of Revolution. New York: 1957

      Print.

When citing an introduction, a preface, a forward, or an afterword, write the name of the author(s) of the piece you are citing. Then give the name of the part being cited, which should not be italicized or enclosed in quotation marks.

Farrell, Thomas B. Introduction. Norms of Rhetorical Culture. By Farrell.

           New Haven: Yale UP, 1993. 1-13. Print.

If the writer of the piece is different from the author of the complete work, then write the full name of the principal work's author after the word "By." For example, if you were to cite Hugh Dalziel Duncan’s introduction of Kenneth Burke’s book Permanence and Change, you would write the entry as follows:

Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction. Permanence and Change:

        An Anatomy of Purpose. By Kenneth Burke. 1935. 3rd.

        ed. Berkeley: U of California P, 1984. xiii-xliv.

        Print.

Certain book sources are handled in a special way by MLA style.

Give the name of the specific edition you are using, any editor(s) associated with it, followed by the publication information. Remember that your in-text (parenthetical citation) should include the name of the specific edition of the Bible, followed by an abbreviation of the book, the chapter and verse(s). (See Citing the Bible on the In-Text Citations – The Basics page, which you can access by following the appropriate link at the bottom of this page.)

The New Jerusalem Bible. Ed. Susan Jones. New York: Doubleday, 1985.

          Print.

Cite the author of the publication if the author is identified. Otherwise, start with the name of the national government, followed by the agency (including any subdivisions or agencies) that serves as the organizational author. For congressional documents, be sure to include the number of the Congress and the session when the hearing was held or resolution passed. US government documents are typically published by the Government Printing Office, which MLA abbreviates as GPO.

United Sates. Cong. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural 

       Resources. Hearing on the Geopolitics of Oil. 110th 

       Cong., 1st sess. Washington: GPO, 2007. Print.

United States. Government Accountability Office. Climate

       Change: EPA and DOE Should Do More to Encourage

       Progress Under Two Voluntary Programs. Washington:

       GPO, 2006. Print.

Cite the title and publication information for the pamphlet just as you would a book without an author. Pamphlets and promotional materials commonly feature corporate authors (commissions, committees, or other groups that does not provide individual group member names). If the pamphlet you are citing has no author, cite as directed below. If your pamphlet has an author or a corporate author, put the name of the author (last name, first name format) or corporate author in the place where the author name typically appears at the beginning of the entry. (See also Books by a Corporate Author or Organization above.)

Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System. Washington: 

         American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006.

         Print.

Your Rights Under California Welfare Programs. Sacramento, CA:

       California Dept. of Social Services, 2007. Print.

Dissertations and master's theses may be used as sources whether published or not. Cite the work as you would a book, but include the designation Diss. (or MA/MS thesis) followed by the degree-granting school and the year the degree was awarded.

If the dissertation is published, italicize the title and include the publication date. You may also include the University Microfilms International (UMI) order number if you choose:

Bishop, Karen Lynn. Documenting Institutional Identity: Strategic Writing

           in the IUPUI Comprehensive Campaign. Diss. Purdue University,

           2002. Ann Arbor: UMI, 2004. Print.

Bile, Jeffrey. Ecology, Feminism, and a Revised Critical Rhetoric: Toward

        a Dialectical Partnership. Diss. Ohio University, 2005. Ann Arbor:

        UMI, 2006. AAT 3191701. Print.

If the work is not published, put the title in quotation marks and end with the date the degree was awarded:

Graban, Tarez Samra. "Towards a Feminine Ironic: Understanding Irony

         in the Oppositional Discourse of Women from the Early Modern

         and Modern Periods." Diss. Purdue University, 2002. Print.

Stolley, Karl. "Towards a Conception of Religion as a Discursive

           Formation: Implications for Postmodern Composition Theory."

           MA Thesis. Purdue University, 2002. Print.

MLA 2009 WORKS CITED: PERIODICALS

Periodicals (e.g. magazines, newspapers, and scholarly journals) that appear in print require the same medium of publication designator—Print—as books, but the MLA Style method for citing these materials and the items required for these entries are quite different from MLA book citations.

For more information on citing periodicals, consult "Citing Periodical Print Publications" in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th edition (sec. 5.4, 136-48), or the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, 3rd edition (sec. 6.5, 174-85).

Cite by listing the article's author, putting the title of the article in quotations marks, and italicizing the periodical title. Follow with the date of publication. Remember to abbreviate the month. The basic format is as follows:

Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Periodical Day Month

      Year: pages. Medium of publication.

Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time 20 Nov.

      2000: 70-71. Print.

Buchman, Dana. "Special Education." Good Housekeeping Mar.

      2006. 143-48. Print.

Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article, but note the different pagination in a newspaper. If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper), identify the edition following the date (e.g., 17 May 1987, late ed.).

Brubaker, Bill. "New Health Center Targets Country's Uninsured Patients."

          Washington Post 24 May 2007  late ed.: A1.  Print.

If the newspaper is a less well-known or local publication, include the city name and state in brackets after the title of the newspaper.

Behre, Robert. "Presidential Hopefuls Get Final Crack at Core of S. C.

          Democrats." Post and Courier  [Charleston, SC] 29 Apr. 2007:

          A11. Print.

Trembacki, Paul. "Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team"  Purdue

            Exponent  West Lafayette, IN 5 Dec. 2000: 20. Print.

To cite a review, include the title of the review (if available), then the abbreviation "Rev. of" for Review of and provide the title of the work (in italics for books, plays, and films; in quotation marks for articles, poems, and short stories). Finally, provide performance and/or publication information.

Review Author. "Title of Review (if there is one)." Rev. of Performance Title, by Author/Director/Artist. Title of Periodical day month year: page. Medium of publication.

Seitz, Matt Zoller. "Life in the Sprawling

     Suburbs, If You Can Call it Living." Rev.

     of Radiant City, dir. Gary Burns and Jim

     Brown. New York Times 30 May 2007 late ed.:

     E1. Print.

Weiller, K. H. Rev. of Sport, Rhetoric, and

     Gender: Historical Perspectives and Media

     Representations, ed. Linda K. Fuller.

     Choice Apr. 2007: 1377. Print.

Cite as you would any article in a periodical, but include the designators "Editorial" or "Letter" to identify the type of work it is.

"Of Mines and Men." Editorial. Wall Street

       Journal east. ed.24 Oct. 2003: A14.

       Print.

Hamer, John. Letter. American Journalism Review

       Dec.2006/Jan. 2007: 7. Print.

Cite the article title first, and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical.

"Business: Global Warming's Boom Town; Tourism in

           Greenland." The Economist 26 May 2007: 82.

           Print.

"Aging: Women Expect to care for Aging Parents but

           Seldom Prepare."  Women's Health Weekly 10 May

           2007: 18. Print.

In previous years, MLA required that researchers determine whether or not a scholarly journal employed continuous pagination (page numbers began at page one in the first issue of the years and page numbers took up where they left off in subsequent ones) or non-continuous pagination (page numbers begin at page one in every subsequent issue) in order to determine whether or not to include issue numbers in bibliographic entries. The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers 7th edition (2009) eliminates this step. Always provide issue numbers, when available.

Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): pages. Medium of publication.

Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms:

        The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta

        Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in

        Women's Literature 15.1

Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 15.1 (1996): 41-50. Print.

Duvall, John N. "The (Super)Marketplace of Images:

     Television as Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo's White

     Noise." Arizona Quarterly 50.3 (1994): 127-53. Print.

MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications. Thus, when including the medium of publication for electronic sources, list the medium as Web.

It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information, when possible. It is good practice to print or save Web pages or, better, using a program like Adobe Acrobat, to keep your own copies for future reference. Most Web browsers will include URL/electronic address information when you print, which makes later reference easy. Also, you might use the Bookmark function in your Web browser in order to return to documents more easily.

MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations. Because Web addresses are not static (i.e. they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (e.g. on multiple databases), MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines.

For instructors or editors that still wish to require the use of URLs, MLA suggests that the URL appear in angle brackets after the date of access. Break URLs only after slashes.

Aristotle. Poetics. Trans. S. H. Butcher. The Internet

     Classics Archive. Web Atomic and Massachusetts

     Institute of Technology, 13 Sept. 2007. Web. 4 Nov.

     2008. <http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle.html>.

If publishing information is unavailable for entries that require publication information such as publisher (or sponsor) names and publishing dates, MLA requires the use of special abbreviations to indicate that this information is not available. Use n.p. to indicate that neither a publisher nor a sponsor name has been provided. Use n.d. when the Web page does not provide a publication date.

When an entry requires that you provide a page but no pages are provided in the source (as in the case of an online-only scholarly journal or a work that appears in an online-only anthology), use the abbreviation n. pag.

Here are some common features you should try and find before citing electronic sources in MLA style. Not every Web page will provide all of the following information. However, collect as much of the following information as possible both for your citations and for your research notes:

• Author and/or editor names (if available)
• Article name in quotation marks (if applicable)
• Title of the Website, project, or book in italics. (Remember that some Print publications have Web publications with slightly different names. They may, for example, include the additional information or otherwise modified information, like domain names [e.g. .com or .net].)
• Any version numbers available, including revisions, posting dates, volumes, or issue numbers.
• Publisher information, including the publisher name and publishing date.
• Take note of any page numbers (if available).
• Date you accessed the material.
• URL (if required, or for your own personal reference).

It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated, and information available on one date may no longer be available later. Be sure to include the complete address for the site.

Remember to use n.p. if no publisher name is available and n.d. if no publishing date is given.

Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number. Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available). Medium of publication. Date of access.

The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at

     Purdue and Purdue U, 2008. Web. 23 April 2008.

 Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory.

    Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003. Web. 10 May 2006.

Give the instructor name. Then list the title of the course (or the school catalog designation for the course) in italics. Give appropriate department and school names as well, following the course title. Remember to use n.d. if not publishing date is given.

 Felluga, Dino. Survey of the Literature of England. Purdue

      U, Aug. 2006. Web. 31 May 2007.

English Department. Purdue U, 14 May 2009. Web. 20 Apr.

       2009.

For an individual page on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites. Remember to use n.p. if no publisher name is available and n.d. if no publishing date is given.

"How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow.com. eHow, n.d. Web. 24

      Feb. 2009.

Provide the artist's name, the work of art italicized, the date of creation, the institution and city where the work is housed. Follow this initial entry with the name of the Website in italics, the medium of publication, and the date of access.

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Museo National del Prado. Web. 22 May 2006.

Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art,

      New York. The Artchive. Web. 22 May 2006.

Provide the author name, article name in quotation marks, title of the Web magazine in italics, publisher name, publication date, medium of publication, and the date of access. Remember to use n.p. if no publisher name is available and n.d. if not publishing date is given.

Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." A List

      Apart: For People Who Make Websites. A List Apart

      Mag., 16 Aug. 2002. Web. 4 May 2009.

For all online scholarly journals, provide the author(s) name(s), the name of the article in quotation marks, the title of the publication in italics, all volume and issue numbers, and the year of publication.

MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals. If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (i.e. there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers, use the abbreviation n. pag. to denote that there is no pagination for the publication.

Dolby, Nadine. "Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions." Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal 6.2 (2008): n. pag. Web. 20 May 2009.

Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print, including the page range of the article. Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case, Web) and the date of access.

Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a

      Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons

      Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases 6.6 (2000):

      595-600. Web. 8 Feb. 2009.

Cite articles from online databases (e.g. LexisNexis, ProQuest, JSTOR, ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources. Since these articles usually come from periodicals, be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited: Periodicals page, which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page. In addition to this information, provide the title of the database italicized, the medium of publication, and the date of access.

Note: Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location). This information is no longer required by MLA.

Junge, Wolfgang, and Nathan Nelson. "Nature's Rotary Electromotors." Science 29 Apr. 2005: 642-44. Science Online. Web. 5 Mar. 2009.

Langhamer, Claire. "Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth

      -Century England." Historical Journal 50.1 (2007):

      173-96. ProQuest. Web. 27 May 2009.

Give the author of the message, followed by the subject line in quotation marks. State to whom to message was sent, the date the message was sent, and the medium of publication.

Kunka, Andrew. "Re: Modernist Literature." Message to the

       author. 15 Nov. 2000. E-mail.

Neyhart, David. "Re: Online Tutoring." Message to Joe

       Barbato. 1 Dec. 2000. E-mail.

Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry. Provide the author of the work, the title of the posting in quotation marks, the Web site name in italics, the publisher, and the posting date. Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access. Include screen names as author names when author name is not known. If both names are known, place the author’s name in brackets. Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown, use the abbreviation n.p.

Editor, screen name, author, or compiler name (if available). "Posting Title." Name of Site. Version number (if available). Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher). Medium of publication. Date of access.

Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez]. "Re: Best Strategy: Fenced

      Pastures vs. Max Number of Rooms?" BoardGameGeek.

      BoardGameGeek, 29 Sept. 2008. Web. 5 Apr. 2009.

Several sources have multiple means for citation, especially those that appear in varied formats: films, DVDs, videocassettes; published and unpublished interviews, interviews over email; published and unpublished conference proceedings. The following section groups these sorts of citations as well as others not covered in the print, periodical, and electronic sources sections.

Interviews typically fall into two categories: print or broadcast published and unpublished (personal) interviews, although interviews may also appear in other, similar formats such as in email format or as a Web document.

Personal interviews refer to those interviews that you conduct yourself. List the interview by the name of the interviewee. Include the descriptor Personal interview and the date of the interview.

Purdue, Pete. Personal interview. 1 Dec. 2000.

List the interview by the name of the interviewee. If the name of the interview is part of a larger work like a book, a television program, or a film series, place the title of the interview in quotation marks. Place the title of the larger work in italics. If the interview appears as an independent title, italicize it. Determine the medium of publication (e.g. print, Web, DVD) and fill in the rest of the entry with the information required by that medium. For books, include the author or editor name after the book title.

Note: If the interview from which you quote does not feature a title, add the descriptor Interview (unformatted) after the interviewee’s name. You may also use the descriptor Interview by to add the name of the interview to the entry if it is relevant to your paper.

Gaitskill, Mary. Interview with Charles Bock. Mississippi

       Review 27.3 (1999): 129-50. Print.

Amis, Kingsley. "Mimic and Moralist." Interviews with

       Britain’s Angry Young Men. By Dale Salwak. San

       Bernardino, CA: Borgo, 1984. Print.

List the interview by the name of the interviewee. If the interview has a title, place it in quotation marks. Cite the remainder of the entry as you would other exclusive Web content. Place the name of the Website in italics, give the publisher name (or sponsor), the publication date, the medium of publication (Web), and the date of access. Remember that if no publisher name is give, insert the abbreviation n.p.

Note: If the interview from which you quote does not feature a title, add the descriptor Interview (unformatted) after the interviewee’s name. You may also use the descriptor Interview by to add the name of the interview to the entry if it is relevant to your paper.

Zinkievich, Craig. Interview by Gareth Von Kallenbach.

        Skewed & Reviewed. Skewed & Reviewed, 2009. Web. 15

        Mar. 2009.

Provide the speaker’s name. Then, give the title of the speech (if any) in quotation marks. Follow with the name of the meeting and organization, the location of the occasion, and the date. Use the descriptor that appropriately expresses the type of presentation (e.g. Address, Lecture, Reading, Keynote speech, Guest Lecture). Remember to use the abbreviation n.p. if the publisher is not known; use n.d. if the date is not known.

Stein, Bob. Computers and Writing Conference. Purdue

       University. Union Club Hotel, West Lafayette, IN. 23

       May 2003. Keynote address.

Cite published conference proceedings like a book. If the date and location of the conference are not part of the published title, add this information after the published proceedings title. The medium of publication is Print. Remember to use the abbreviation n.p. if the publisher is not known; use n.d. if the date is not known.

LastName, FirstName, ed. Conference Title that Includes Conference Date and Location. Place of publication: Publisher, Date of Publication. Print.

LastName, FirstName, ed. Conference Title that Does Not Include Conference Date and Location. Conference Date, Conference Location. Place of publication: Publisher, Date of Publication. Print.

To cite a presentation from a published conference proceedings, begin with the presenter’s name. Place the name of the presentation in quotation marks. Follow with publication information for the conference proceedings.

LastName, FirstName. "Conference Paper Title." Conference

        Title that Includes Conference Date and Location.

        Ed. Conference Editor(s). Place of publication:

        Publisher, Date of Publication. Print.

Include the artist's name. Give the title of the artwork in italics. Provide the date of composition. If the date of composition is unknown, place the abbreviation n.d. in place of the date. Finally, provide the name of the institution that houses the artwork followed by the location of the institution.

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo del

      Prado, Madrid.

For photographic reproductions of artwork (e.g. images of artwork in a book), cite the bibliographic information as above followed by the information for the source in which the photograph appears, including page or reference numbers (plate, figure, etc.).

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo del

      Prado, Madrid. Gardener's Art Through the Ages. 10th

      ed. By Richard G. Tansey and Fred S. Kleiner. Fort

      Worth: Harcourt Brace. 939. Print.

For artwork in an online format, consult "An Image (Including a Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph)" by following the link Works Cited: Electronic Sources at the bottom of this page.

List films (in theaters or not yet on DVD or video) by their title. Include the name of the director, the film studio or distributor, and the release year. If relevant, list performer names after the director’s name. Use the abbreviation perf. to head the list. List film as the medium of publication. To cite a DVD or other video recording, see "Recorded Films and Movies" below.

The Usual Suspects. Dir. Bryan Singer. Perf. Kevin Spacey,

    Gabriel Byrne, Chazz Palminteri, Stephen Baldwin, and

    Benecio del Toro. Polygram, 1995. Film.

To emphasize specific performers (perf.) or directors (dir.), begin the citation with the name of the desired performer or director, followed by the appropriate abbreviation.

Lucas, George, dir. Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope.

      Twentieth Century Fox, 1977. Film.

List films by their title. Include the name of the director, the distributor, and the release year. If relevant, list performer names after the director’s name. Use the abbreviation perf. to head the list. End the entry with the appropriate medium of publication (e.g. DVD, VHS, Laser disc).

Ed Wood. Dir. Tim Burton. Perf. Johnny Depp, Martin Landau,

      Sarah Jessica Parker, Patricia Arquette. Touchstone,

      1994. DVD.

Begin with the title of the episode in quotation marks. Provide the name of the series or program in italics. Also include the network name, call letters of the station followed by the city, and the date of broadcast. End with the publication medium (e.g. Television, Radio). For television episodes on Videocassette or DVD refer to the "Recorded Television Episodes" section below.

"The Blessing Way." The X-Files. Fox. WXIA, Atlanta. 19 Jul.

     1998. Television.

Cite recorded television episodes like films (see above). Begin with the episode name in quotation marks. Follow with the series name in italics. When the title of the collection of recordings is different than the original series (e.g., the show Friends is in DVD release under the title Friends: The Complete Sixth Season), list the title that would be help researchers locate the recording. Give the distributor name followed by the date of distribution. End with the medium of publication (e.g. DVD, Videocassette, Laser disc).

Note: The writer may choose to include information about directors, writers, performers, producers between the title and the distributor name. Use appropriate abbreviations for these contributors (e.g. dir., writ., perf., prod.).

"The One Where Chandler Can't Cry." Friends: The Complete

     Sixth Season. Writ. Andrew Reich and Ted Cohen. Dir.

     Kevin Bright. Warner Brothers, 2004. DVD.

List sound recordings in such a way that they can easily be found by readers. Generally, citations begin with the artist name. They might also be listed by composers (comp.) or performers (perf.). Otherwise, list composer and performer information after the album title.

Use the appropriate abbreviation after the person’s name and a comma, when needed. Put individual song titles in quotation marks. Album names are italicized. Provide the name of the recording manufacturer followed by the publication date (or n.d., if date is unknown). List the appropriate medium at the end of the entry (e.g. CD, LP, Audiocassette). For MP3 recordings, see the "Digital Files" section below.

Note: If you know and desire to list the recording date, include this information before the manufacturer name. Use the abbreviation for "recorded" (Rec.) and list the recording date (dd mm year format) before the manufacturer name.

Foo Fighters. In Your Honor. RCA, 2005. CD.

Nirvana. "Smells Like Teen Spirit." Nevermind. Geffen, 1991.

      Audiocassette.

Beethoven, Ludwig van. The 9 Symphonies. Perf. NBC Symphony

      Orchestra. Cond. Arturo Toscanini. RCA, 2003. CD.

Treat spoken-word albums the same as musical albums.

Hedberg, Mitch. Strategic Grill Locations. Comedy Central,

      2003. CD.

Determine the type of work to cite (e.g. article, image, sound recording) and cite appropriately. End the entry with the name of the digital format (e.g. PDF, JPEG file, Microsoft Word file, MP3). If the work does not follow traditional parameters for citation, give the author’s name, the name of the work, the date of creation, and the medium of publication. Use Digital file when the medium cannot be determined.

Beethoven, Ludwig van. Moonlight Sonata. Crownstar, 2006.

     MP3.

Smith, George. "Pax Americana: Strife in a Time of Peace."

     2005. Microsoft Word file.

Bentley, Phyllis. "Yorkshire and the Novelist." The Kenyon

     Review 30.4 (1968): 509-22. JSTOR. PDF file.